Eastern traditional aesthetics represented by Chinese painting, Japanese Ukiyo-e and Korean folk painting has had a profound and far-reaching influence on the innovation and development of Western modern oil painting. Before the 19th century, Western oil painting adhered to the realistic simulation system of rational perspective and accurate modeling, with rigorous and standardized artistic language. With the cultural and artistic exchanges between the East and the West, a large number of Eastern art works and aesthetic concepts spread to Europe, bringing new innovation inspiration to Western oil painting. Eastern art’s emphasis on free composition, blank space aesthetics, subjective artistic conception and simple color language broke the rigid rational constraints of Western traditional oil painting. Impressionist painters learned the free brushstrokes and flat color application of Eastern painting, abandoning the hierarchical modeling of classical oil painting and focusing on instantaneous light and color expression. Post-Impressionism and abstract oil paintings draw lessons from the blank space and artistic conception aesthetics of Eastern art, pursuing the free expression of spiritual connotation beyond concrete modeling. Many Western masters’ works integrate Eastern implicit, simple and ethereal aesthetic temperament, realizing the integration and innovation of Eastern and Western art. The integration of Eastern aesthetics has greatly expanded the expressive boundary and aesthetic connotation of Western oil painting and promoted the transformation of Western modern art.